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List of mayors of Los Angeles

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Then-Mayor Eric Garcetti (center) with his predecessors Antonio Villaraigosa (right) and James Hahn (left) in 2013.

The mayor of Los Angeles is the chief executive of the Government of Los Angeles as set in the city charter. The current officeholder, the 43rd in the sequence of regular mayors, is Karen Bass, a member of the Democratic Party, though the office has been nonpartisan since 1909.[1]

When Los Angeles was founded as a small town, a comisionado (Military Commissioner) was appointed before the title was changed to alcalde (Mayor) in 1786. Between 1841 and 1844, there were two mayors called the Jueces de Paz (Justices of Peace). When the United States took control, the office was renamed to Mayor.[2]

The longest serving mayors have been Tom Bradley (1973–1993; 20 years), Fletcher Bowron (1938–1953; 14 years), Sam Yorty (1961–1973; 12 years), and Eric Garcetti (2013–2022; 9 years).[3] The shortest tenures, not counting Acting Mayors, were John Bryson (77 days), Bernard Cohn (14 days), and William Stephens (11 days).

Although the President of the Los Angeles City Council serves as acting mayor when the Mayor is out of the city, only five have served due to a vacancy: Manuel Requena (1855 and 1856), Wallace Woodworth (1860–1861), Bernard Cohn (1878), Niles Pease (1909), and Martin F. Betkouski (1916); only one, Cohn, ascended from Acting Mayor to Mayor.[4] Two Mayors have died during their terms: Henry Mellus and Frederick A. MacDougall.

Los Angeles has had five Latino mayors post-incorporation: Antonio F. Coronel, Manuel Requena, Cristobal Aguilar, Antonio Villaraigosa, and Eric Garcetti.[5] The city has also had two African-American mayors, Tom Bradley and Karen Bass. Two French-Canadian politicians, Damien Marchesseault and Prudent Beaudry, have served as Mayors.[6] The first woman to serve as Mayor is Karen Bass, who was elected in 2022.[7]

Spanish era (1781–1821)

[edit]

The office of Alcalde, the Mayor of El Pueblo de la Reina de los Ángeles, was elected annually, without the right to reelection for two years.[8] With the incomplete nature of records from the Spanish colonial period of Los Angeles, only the first year of 1781 is certain.[9][10]

Comisionado
Name Term in office
José Vicente Féliz[A] 1781–1786
Guillermo Soto[B] 1812–1816
Alcalde
Name Term in office
José Vanegas 1786–1788
José Sinova 1789–1790
Francisco Reyes 1790[C]
Mariano Verdugo 1790–1793
José Vanegas 1792–1793
Francisco Reyes 1793–1795
José Vanegas 1796–1797
Manuel Arellanes 1797–1798
Guillermo Soto 1798–1799
Francisco Serrano 1799–1800
Joaquin Higuera 1800–1802
Mariano Verdugo 1802–1809
Francisco Avila 1810–1811
Manuel Gutierrez 1811–1812
Antonio Maria Lugo 1816–1819
Anastasio Avila 1819–1821
Notes
  1. ^ Féliz acted as the Chief Public Official during his term as Comisionado.
  2. ^ Soto assumed the responsibilities of alcalde during his term as Comisionado.
  3. ^ Removed from office for gambling in July.

Mexican era (1821–1848)

[edit]

In 1821, Los Angeles came under Mexican rule, and the city continued having an alcalde.[11] The inaugural holder was Abel Stearns, an American trader who came to California in 1829 from Massachusetts.[12][13]

Name Term in office
Abel Stearns 1821–1822
Manuel Gutierrez 1822–1824
Guillermo Cota 1824
Encarnacion Urquides 1824–1825
José Maria Avila 1825–1826
José Antonio Carrillo 1826
Claudio López 1826–1827
Guillermo Cota 1827–1828
José Antonio Carrillo 1828–1829
Guillermo Soto 1829–1830
Tiburcio Tapia 1830–1831
Manuel Dominguez 1832–1833
José Antonio Carrillo 1833–1834
José Perez 1834–1835
Francisco Javier Alvarado 1835–1836
Manuel Requena 1836–1837
José Sepúlveda 1837–1838
Luis Arenas 1838–1839
First & Second Alcalde

In 1839, instead of one alcalde, two officials served as First and Second Alcalde.

1st Alcalde 2nd Alcalde Term in office
Tiburcio Tapia José Sepúlveda 1839–1840
Jueces de Paz (Justices of Peace)

In 1841, the office of alcalde was abolished, instead being replaced by two Jueces de Paz (Justice of the peace).[14]

1st Juez de Paz 2nd Juez de Paz Term in office
Ygnacio Palomares Ygnacio Alvarado 1841–1842
Manuel Dominguez José Sepúlveda 1842–1843
Antonio F. Coronel 1843–1844
First & Second Alcalde

In 1844, the office of alcalde was restored, reverting to its 1839 posts.[14]

1st Alcalde 2nd Alcalde Term in office
Manuel Requena Tiburcio Tapia 1844–1845
Vicente Sanchez Juan Sepúlveda 1845–1846
Juan Gallardo José Sepúlveda 1846–1847
José Salazar Enrique Avila 1847–1848
Ygnacio Palomares José Sepúlveda 1848

American Territorial era (1848–1850)

[edit]

Between the Interim government of California and California's statehood, the Mayor was appointed by the Governor of California in 1848 and was elected in 1850.

Portrait Name Term in office
Stephen C. Foster January 1, 1848
–
May 21, 1849[i]
Ygnacio del Valle January 1, 1850
–
July 1, 1850
Notes
  1. ^ Foster resigned as alcalde on May 21, 1849; the remainder of the year, he served as prefecto (prefect).[15]

Post-incorporation (1850–present)

[edit]
No. Portrait Name Term in office Length of service Party affiliation[a] Election Previous office
1 Alpheus P. Hodges
(1821–1858; aged 37) 		July 1, 1850
–
May 7, 1851 		340 days Democratic 1850 None
2 Benjamin D. Wilson
(1811–1878; aged 66) 		May 7, 1851
–
May 4, 1852 		363 days Democratic 1851 Member of the Los Angeles Common Council
(1850–1851)
3 John G. Nichols
(1812-1898; aged 85) 		May 4, 1852
–
May 3, 1853 		364 days Democratic 1852 Los Angeles City Recorder
(1850–1851)
4 Antonio F. Coronel
(1817–1894; aged 76) 		May 3, 1853
–
May 4, 1854 		1 year, 1 day Democratic 1853 1st Los Angeles County Assessor
(1850–1853)
5 Stephen C. Foster
(1820–1898; aged 77) 		May 4, 1854
–
January 13, 1855[b] 		254 days Democratic 1854 Member of the Los Angeles Board of Education
(1853–1854)
– Manuel Requena[b]
(1802–1876; aged 74) 		January 13, 1855
–
January 25, 1855 		12 days Republican Member of the Los Angeles Common Council
(1850–1855)
(5) Stephen C. Foster[c]
(1820-1898; aged 77) 		January 25, 1855[b]
–
May 9, 1855 		138 days Democratic 1855 (J) Mayor of Los Angeles
(1854–1855)
6 Thomas Foster
(unknown birth or death) 		May 9, 1855
–
May 7, 1856 		364 days Democratic 1855 (M) Member of the Board of Education School Commission
(1860–1862)
(5) Stephen C. Foster[c]
(1820-1898; aged 77) 		May 7, 1856
–
September 22, 1856[d] 		138 days Democratic 1856 (M) Mayor of Los Angeles
(1855)
– Manuel Requena
(1802–1876; aged 74) 		September 22, 1856
–
October 4, 1856 		12 days Republican Member of the Los Angeles Common Council
(1856–1867)
(3) John G. Nichols[c]
(1812-1898; aged 85) 		October 4, 1856
–
May 9, 1859 		2 years, 217 days Democratic 1856 (O)

1857

1858

Member of the Los Angeles Common Council
(1855–1856)
7 Damien Marchesseault
(1818–1868; aged 49) 		May 9, 1859
–
May 9, 1860 		1 year Democratic 1859 None
8 Henry Mellus †[e]
(1816–1860; aged 44) 		May 9, 1860
–
December 26, 1860 		231 days Democratic 1860 None
– Wallace Woodworth[e]
(1832–1882; aged 50) 		December 26, 1860
–
January 7, 1861 		12 days Democratic Member of the Los Angeles Common Council
(1860–1861)
(7) Damien Marchesseault[c]
(1818–1868; aged 49) 		January 7, 1861
–
May 5, 1865 		4 years, 119 days Democratic 1861

1862

1863

1864

Member of the Los Angeles Common Council
(1860)
9 Jose Mascarel
(1816–1899; aged 83) 		May 5, 1865
–
May 10, 1866 		1 year, 5 days Republican 1865 Member of the Los Angeles Common Council
(1864–1865)
10 Cristobal Aguilar
(1816–1886; aged 70) 		May 10, 1866
–
May 8, 1867[f] 		363 days Democratic 1866 Member of the Los Angeles Common Council
(1861–1862)
(7) Damien Marchesseault[c]
(1818–1868; aged 49) 		May 8, 1867
–
August 8, 1867[f] 		92 days Democratic 1867 Zanjero of Los Angeles
(1866–1867)
(10) Cristobal Aguilar[c]
(1816–1886; aged 70) 		August 8, 1867
–
December 7, 1868 		1 year, 121 days Democratic Mayor of Los Angeles
(1866–1867)
11 Joel Turner
(1820–1888; aged 68) 		December 9, 1868
–
December 9, 1870 		2 years Democratic 1868

1869

Member of the Los Angeles Common Council
(1862–1864)
(10) Cristobal Aguilar[c]
(1816–1886; aged 70) 		December 9, 1870
–
December 5, 1872 		1 year, 362 days Democratic 1870

1871

Mayor of Los Angeles
(1867–1868)
12 James R. Toberman
(1836–1911; aged 75) 		December 5, 1872
–
December 18, 1874 		2 years, 13 days Democratic 1872

1873

Member of the Los Angeles Common Council
(1870)
13 Prudent Beaudry
(1819–1893; aged 74) 		December 18, 1874
–
December 8, 1876 		1 year, 356 days Democratic 1874

1875

Member of the Los Angeles Common Council
(1871–1874)
14 Frederick A. MacDougall †[g]
(1818–1878) 		December 8, 1876
–
November 16, 1878 		1 year, 348 days Democratic 1876

1877

None
– Bernard Cohn[g]
(1835–1889; aged 53) 		November 16, 1878
–
November 21, 1878 		5 days Democratic Member of the Los Angeles Common Council
(1876–1878)
15 November 21, 1878
–
December 5, 1878 		14 days
(12) James R. Toberman[c]
(1836–1911; aged 75) 		December 5, 1878
–
December 9, 1882 		4 years, 4 days Democratic 1878

1879

1880

1881

Mayor of Los Angeles
(1872–1874)
16 Cameron E. Thom
(1825–1915; aged 89) 		December 9, 1882
–
December 9, 1884 		2 years Democratic 1882

1883

15th Los Angeles County District Attorney
(1877–1879)
17 Edward F. Spence
(1832–1892; aged 59) 		December 9, 1884
–
December 14, 1886 		2 years, 5 days Republican 1884

1885

Member of the Los Angeles Common Council
(1879–1881)
18 William H. Workman
(1839–1918; aged 79) 		December 14, 1886
–
December 10, 1888 		1 year, 362 days Democratic 1886

1887

Member of the Los Angeles Common Council
(1878–1880)
19 John Bryson
(1852–1915; aged 63) 		December 10, 1888
–
February 25, 1889[h] 		77 days Democratic 1888 Member of the Board of Police Commissioners
(1890–1891)
20 Henry T. Hazard
(1844–1921; aged 77) 		February 25, 1889
–
December 5, 1892[i] 		3 years, 291 days Republican 1889

1890

Member of the Los Angeles Board of Freeholders
(1887–1888)
– William H. Bonsall[i]
(1846–1905; aged 59) 		December 5, 1892
–
December 12, 1892 		7 days Republican Member of the Los Angeles City Council
(1889–1892)
21 Thomas E. Rowan
(1842–1901; aged 59) 		December 12, 1892
–
December 12, 1894 		2 years Democratic 1892 8th Los Angeles City Treasurer
(1868–1870)
22 Frank Rader
(1848–1897; aged 48) 		December 12, 1894
–
December 16, 1896 		2 years, 4 days Republican 1894 Member of the Los Angeles Street Commission
(1890–1894)
23 Meredith P. Snyder
(1859–1937; aged 77) 		December 16, 1896
–
December 15, 1898 		1 year, 364 days Democratic 1896 Member of the Los Angeles City Council
(1894–1896)
24 Frederick Eaton
(1856–1934; aged 78) 		December 15, 1898
–
December 12, 1900 		1 year, 362 days Republican 1898 Los Angeles City Engineer
(1889–1890)
(23) Meredith P. Snyder[c]
(1859–1937; aged 77) 		December 12, 1900
–
December 8, 1904 		3 years, 362 days Democratic 1900

1902

Mayor of Los Angeles
(1896–1898)
25 Owen McAleer
(1858–1944; aged 86) 		December 8, 1904
–
December 13, 1906 		2 years, 5 days Republican 1904 Member of the Los Angeles City Council
(1902–1904)
26 Arthur C. Harper
(1866–1948; aged 82) 		December 13, 1906
–
March 11, 1909[j] 		2 years, 88 days Democratic 1906 Member of the Los Angeles Charter Revision Committee
(1906)
– Niles Pease
(1838–1921; aged 83) 		March 11, 1909
–
March 15, 1909 		4 days Republican Member of the Los Angeles City Council
(1906–1909)
27 William Stephens[j]
(1859–1944; aged 84) 		March 15, 1909
–
March 26, 1909 		11 days Republican Member of the Los Angeles Board of Education
(1906)
28 George Alexander
(1839–1923; aged 83) 		March 26, 1909
–
July 1, 1913 		4 years, 97 days Republican 1909 (M)

1909 (N)

1911

Member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors
(1901–1909)
29 Henry H. Rose
(1856–1923; aged 67) 		July 1, 1913
–
July 1, 1915 		2 years Independent 1913 Judge of the Los Angeles Police Judges
(1905–1913)
30 Charles E. Sebastian
(1873–1929; aged 56) 		July 1, 1915
–
September 2, 1916 		1 year, 63 days Democratic 1915 Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department
(1911–1915)
– Martin F. Betkouski
(1860–1942; aged 81) 		September 2, 1916
–
September 5, 1916 		3 days Democratic Member of the Los Angeles City Council
(1909–1917)
31 Frederic T. Woodman
(1871–1949; aged 77) 		September 5, 1916
–
July 1, 1919 		2 years, 299 days Republican 1917 Member of the Los Angeles Harbor Commission
(1902–1916)
(23) Meredith P. Snyder[c]
(1859–1937; aged 77) 		July 1, 1919
–
July 1, 1921 		2 years Democratic 1919 Commissioner of the Los Angeles Ethics Commission
(1913–1917)
32 George E. Cryer
(1875–1961; aged 86) 		July 1, 1921
–
July 1, 1929 		8 years Republican 1921

1923

1925

Chief Los Angeles County District Attorney
(1915–1919)
33 John C. Porter
(1871–1959; aged 88) 		July 1, 1929
–
July 1, 1933 		4 years Democratic 1929 None
34 Frank L. Shaw
(1877–1958; aged 80) 		July 1, 1933
–
September 26, 1938[k] 		5 years, 87 days Republican 1933

1937

Member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors
(1928–1933)
35 Fletcher Bowron
(1887–1968; aged 81) 		September 26, 1938
–
July 1, 1953 		14 years, 278 days Republican 1938

1941

1945

1949

Judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court
(1926–1938)
36 Norris Poulson
(1895–1982; aged 82) 		July 1, 1953
–
July 1, 1961 		8 years Republican 1953

1957

U.S. Representative for California
(1947–1953)
37 Sam Yorty
(1909–1998; aged 88) 		July 1, 1961
–
July 1, 1973 		12 years Democratic 1961

1965

1969

U.S. Representative for California
(1951–1955)
38 Tom Bradley
(1917–1998; aged 80) 		July 1, 1973
–
July 1, 1993 		20 years Democratic 1973

1977

1981

1985

1989

Member of the Los Angeles City Council
(1963–1973)
39 Richard Riordan
(1930–2023; aged 92) 		July 1, 1993
–
July 1, 2001 		8 years Republican 1993

1997

Member of the Board of Recreation and Parks Commissioners
(1987–1992)
40 James Hahn
(born 1950; age 74) 		July 1, 2001
–
July 1, 2005 		4 years Democratic 2001 15th Los Angeles City Attorney
(1985–2001)
41 Antonio Villaraigosa
(born 1953; age 71) 		July 1, 2005
–
July 1, 2013 		8 years Democratic 2005

2009

Member of the Los Angeles City Council
(2003–2005)
42 Eric Garcetti
(born 1971; age 53) 		July 1, 2013
–
December 11, 2022[l] 		9 years, 163 days Democratic 2013

2017

Member of the Los Angeles City Council
(2001–2013)
43 Karen Bass
(born 1953; age 71) 		December 12, 2022
–
Incumbent 		1 year, 354 days Democratic 2022 U.S. Representative for California
(2011–2022)
Notes
  1. ^ In 1909, Los Angeles adopted a nonpartisan form of government, with the office and mayoral elections being officially nonpartisan since then.[1]
  2. ^ a b c Foster resigned as Mayor to help lead a lynch mob against David Brown, a man who had killed one of Foster's friends and was given a stay of execution by the California Supreme Court.[16] Manuel Requena, the President of the City Council, was the acting mayor in his absence.[17] Foster was then re-elected via a special election.[18]
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j The City of Los Angeles counts one mayoralty for those who served multiple non-consecutive terms.
  4. ^ Foster resigned as mayor to attend to the executorship of the estate of his brother-in-law.[19] City Council president Manuel Requena served as acting mayor until a special election could be held.[20]
  5. ^ a b Mellus died in office on December 26, 1860. City Council president Wallace Woodworth served as acting mayor until a special election could be held.[21]
  6. ^ a b Aguilar was unseated for three months and replaced with Marchesseault, who as Zanjero of Los Angeles was considered more important than the mayor. Aguilar was reinstated on August 8, 1867.[22]
  7. ^ a b MacDougall died on November 16, 1878. City Council president Bernard Cohn served as acting mayor until he was appointed by the council to become Mayor.[4]
  8. ^ Due to a change in the city's election calendar, Bryson's term was cut short due to voter's adoption of a new city charter and Hazard's subsequent election.
  9. ^ a b City Council president William H. Bonsall served as acting mayor for a week during the vacancy between the terms of Hazard and Rowan's terms.
  10. ^ a b Harper resigned as Mayor on March 11, 1909 in the wake of a recall election against him.[23] William Stephens, who was named as Harper's opponent in the recall, was appointed as Mayor before the next election.[24][25]
  11. ^ Recalled from office; first Mayor recalled in Los Angeles history.[26]
  12. ^ Due to a change in the city's election calendar to align mayoral elections with statewide elections, Garcetti's second term was longer than the usual four years.[27]

Appendices

[edit]

Mayoral terms and term limits

[edit]

At the office's creation in 1850, mayors served one year terms. In 1889, the dates were change to be on even-numbered years, with the term extending to two years per term; the first election in an even-numbered year was in 1892. In 1909, the city charter changed the election years to odd-numbered years with the March 1909 election, originally slated to be a recall election against Arthur C. Harper. In 1993, voters amended the city charter to implement term limits to elected officials, including mayor.[1] In 2015, voters passed a charter amendment that would change the election dates to align with gubernatorial and presidential elections on even-numbered years; the first mayoral election after this change was in 2022.[28]

Year Term Term
limit 		Years Mayor(s) affected
1850 1 year Unlimited Unlimited Alpheus P. Hodges to John Bryson
1889 2 years Unlimited Unlimited Henry T. Hazard to William Stephens
1909 4 years Unlimited Unlimited George Alexander to Meredith P. Snyder
1925 4 years 2 terms 8 years George E. Cryer and his successors

Interrupted terms

[edit]

Eight mayors have had interrupted terms: Stephen Clark Foster (1855 and 1856), Henry Mellus (1860), Cristobal Aguilar (1867), Frederick A. MacDougall (1878), John Bryson (1889), Arthur C. Harper (1909), Charles E. Sebastian (1916), and Frank L. Shaw (1938).

Interrupted terms of Los Angeles's elected mayors
Elected mayor Last elected End of service Interim successor Election Elected successor Reason
Stephen Clark Foster 1854 January 13, 1855 Manuel Requena 1855 Stephen Clark Foster Resigned from office.
Stephen Clark Foster 1856 September 22, 1856 Manuel Requena 1856 John G. Nichols Resigned from office.
Henry Mellus 1860 December 26, 1860 Wallace Woodworth 1861 Damien Marchesseault Died in office.
Cristobal Aguilar 1866 May 8, 1867 None 1867 Damien Marchesseault Unseated from office.
Frederick A. MacDougall 1877 November 16, 1878 Bernard Cohn None Bernard Cohn Died in office.
John Bryson 1888 February 25, 1889 None 1889 Henry T. Hazard Change in election dates.
Arthur C. Harper 1906 March 11, 1909 John D. Works
William Stephens 		1909 George Alexander Resigned from office.
Charles E. Sebastian 1915 September 2, 1916 Martin F. Betkouski 1917 Frederic T. Woodman Resigned from office.
Frank L. Shaw 1917 September 26, 1938 None 1938 Fletcher Bowron Recalled from office.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "LOS ANGELES: STRUCTURE OF A CITY GOVERNMENT" (PDF). League of Women Voters.
  2. ^ Schmal, John P. (April 17, 2004). "The Mayors of Los Angeles". LatinoLA. Archived from the original on December 22, 2004.
  3. ^ Van Dyke, Jonathan (August 17, 2015). "SCREENING, PANEL ILLUMINATE THE LIFE OF FORMER MAYOR, UCLA ALUMNUS TOM BRADLEY". UCLA Government & Community Relations.
  4. ^ a b Rasmussen, Cecilia (May 8, 2005). "The City of Angels Has Had Mayors With Demons". Los Angeles Times.
  5. ^ Rasmussen, Cecilia (May 18, 2005). "From the 19th Century, a Look at City's Past Latino Mayors". Los Angeles Times.
  6. ^ Tindal, Chris. "The French Canadian Mayor of Los Angeles". Acres of Snow.
  7. ^ Wick, Julia (December 11, 2022). "Karen Bass sworn in as Los Angeles mayor, the first woman to hold the office". Los Angeles Times.
  8. ^ Mason, William M. (2004). "Los Angeles Under The Spanish Flag: Spain's New World" (PDF). Southern California Genealogical Society.
  9. ^ Caughey, John and LaRee Caughey. Los Angeles: Biography of a City. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1977. 74. ISBN 0-520-03410-4
  10. ^ "Alcalde" and "Ayuntamiento" in Pitt, Leonard and Dale PItt. Los Angeles A to Z: An Encyclopedia of the City and County. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. 11 and 33. ISBN 0-520-20274-0
  11. ^ Waldron, Granville Arthur (June 1960). "A Pueblo de Los Angeles Memoir ... CALIFORNIA versus HENRIQUE and YUNG: A Case from the Early Judicial Archives of Los Angeles County". University of California Press.
  12. ^ "Californio to American: A Study in Cultural Change" (PDF). National Park Service.
  13. ^ Barrows, H. D. (1899). "ABEL STEARNS". University of California Press. pp. 197–199.
  14. ^ a b "Los Angeles City Mayors Past to Present". Los Angeles Almanac.
  15. ^ Supervisor Stephen Clark Foster Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles County, accessed 26 Jun 2010
  16. ^ "The Hidden History of LA: The mayor who helped lynch a man". KPCC.
  17. ^ Rasmussen, Cecilia (May 18, 2005). "From the 19th Century, a Look at City's Past Latino Mayors". Los Angeles Times.
  18. ^ Spitzzeri, Paul R. (August 8, 2021). "Stephen Clark Foster's Recollections of "Los Angeles on the Eve of the Gold Rush," Part II, in "Touring Topics," August 1929". Homestead Museum.
  19. ^ Chronological Record of Los Angeles City Officials: 1850—1938, Compiled under Direction of Municipal Reference Library City Hall, Los Angeles, March 1938 (Reprinted 1966)
  20. ^ "The Four Latino Mayors of Los Angeles". HispanicVista. May 23, 2005. Archived from the original on September 1, 2007.
  21. ^ ""Influences That Mastered and Destroyed the Strong Man That Has Just Fallen": The Tragedy of Damien Marchessault, 1818-1868". Homestead Museum. December 13, 2022.
  22. ^ Martinez, Yoli (September 24, 2012). "Iconic Hispanic Angelenos in History: Cristóbal Aguilar". KCET.
  23. ^ "HARPER'S RESIGNATION DOES NOT HALT RECALL; ELECTION MUST BE HELD, SAYS CITY ATTORNEY". Los Angeles Herald. March 16, 1909.
  24. ^ "THE NEWS SUMMARY". Los Angeles Herald. February 2, 1909.
  25. ^ "HERALD WINS ITS FIGHT FOR PURE GOVERNMENT". Los Angeles Herald. March 16, 1909.
  26. ^ John R. Babcock, "When Los Angeles Was a World-Class City of Corruption," Los Angeles Herald-Examiner," May 12, 1989, page A-19
  27. ^ O'Brien, Brendan (March 8, 2017). "Los Angeles mayor wins re-election in landslide". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 10, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  28. ^ "Hoping to Boost Dismal Turnouts, L.A. Votes to Change Election Dates". KCET. City News Service. March 4, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
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