Marble Bar, Western Australia
| Marble Bar Western Australia | |||||||||
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 Marble Bar in 1898 | |||||||||
  Marble Bar | |||||||||
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| Coordinates | 21°10′12″S 119°44′49″E / 21.17000°S 119.74694°E | ||||||||
| Population | 927 (SAL 2021)[1] | ||||||||
| Established | 1893 | ||||||||
| Postcode(s) | 6760 | ||||||||
| Elevation | 178 m (584 ft) | ||||||||
| Area | 35,032.9 km2 (13,526.3 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Location |
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| LGA(s) | Shire of East Pilbara | ||||||||
| State electorate(s) | Pilbara | ||||||||
| Federal division(s) | Durack | ||||||||
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Marble Bar is a town and rock formation in the Pilbara region of north-western Western Australia. It was the social centre of European settlers in the Pilbara region during the early 1900s, predating the construction of other towns now established.
The town is additionally noted for its extremely hot climate, having a mean maximum temperature second in Australia only to Wyndham.[2]
It has also been noted for some palaeontological findings in its surroundings. Fossilised stromatolites found nearby (one of the earliest forms of life on Earth) have been dated to the Paleoarchean era approximately 3.5 billion years ago.
History
[edit]Marble Bar has been described as "the centre of the Pilbara back in the early 1900s".[3] The town predates Port Hedland, Newman, and Karratha.[3]
It was gazetted in 1893 following the discovery of gold in the area in 1890 by a prospector named Francis Jenkins who is remembered by the name of the town's main street.[4] The name Marble Bar was derived from a nearby jasper bar mistaken for marble and now known as Marble Bar, which runs across the bed of the Coongan River.[4]
In 1891 the town boasted a population in excess of 5,000 as it experienced a rush on the goldfields.[5] Several large gold nuggets were discovered as a result of the goldrush. The 333 ounce Little Hero nugget,[6] the 413 ounce Bobby Dazzler and the 332 ounce General Gordon nugget were all found in the goldfields around the town.[7]
By 1895 the town had its Government offices built; these are now National Trust buildings.[citation needed] Cut from local stone, the buildings still stand today.[citation needed] The town's Ironclad Hotel was built in the 1890s, and has been listed on the Western Australian register of heritage places since 2006.[8] It is constructed of corrugated iron, and was given its name by American miners who were reminded of the Ironclad ships from the United States.[citation needed]
A Telegraph line was proposed during discussion of the Estimates in January 1893 to link Condon to Marble Bar.[citation needed] After approval, many basic administrative errors delayed or interrupted construction of the line to an area in which very significant gold finds were being mined.[citation needed] These mines needed communication with other centres – including to England.[citation needed] Finally the line was completed at the end of July 1894 - to the satisfaction of an increasingly irate community.[citation needed] A Post and Telegraph Office was opened on 25 August 1894.[9]
During World War II, United States Army Air Forces and Royal Australian Air Force heavy bombers were based 25 kilometres (16 mi) away as the crow flies at Corunna Downs Airfield.[citation needed] Allied airmen from the base attacked Japanese forces as far away as Borneo.[citation needed]
The Port Hedland to Marble Bar Railway opened on 15 July 1911, costing around £300,000 to build.[10][11] Due to low traffic and high financial losses, the railway closed from 31 May 1951.[12] This railway could be seen as a narrow gauge precursor to the network of standard gauge iron-ore railways that have since been created across the Pilbara.[citation needed]
Climate
[edit]Marble Bar has a hot desert climate (Köppen BWh) with sweltering summers and warm winters. Most of the annual rainfall occurs in the summer. The town set a world record of most consecutive days at or above 100 °F (37.8 °C): 160 days from 31 October 1923 to 7 April 1924.[13] Although annual temperatures indicate Marble Bar should be within the tropics, with a July (winter) mean of 19 °C (66 °F), it does not have the high precipitation requirements for hot-weather climates to sustain tropical vegetation.
During December and January, temperatures in excess of 45 °C (113 °F) are common, and the average maximum temperature exceeds normal human body temperature for six months each year. Marble Bar receives 159.6 clear days annually. Dewpoint in the summers is between 10 and 15 °C (50 and 59 °F). In contrast to most of the year, winters are warm, with days averaging 27 °C (81 °F), low humidity and clear skies. Nights from June to August can be chilly, occasionally as low as 5 °C (41 °F) but frost is unknown. Even in mid winter however, brief bursts of heat can result in the temperature rising as high as 35 °C (95 °F) for a few days before dropping back to normal.
Rainfall is sparse and erratic, though variability is significantly less extreme than over the coastal Pilbara – the tenth percentile being 190.9 millimetres (7.52 in) vis-à-vis only 67.4 millimetres (2.65 in) in Onslow.[14] It falls largely between December and March, with occasional rain events from autumn northwest cloudbands up to June. As little as 71.1 mm (2.80 in) can fall in a year; however, during heavy wet seasons when the monsoon reaches well south into the Pilbara, the rainfall can be significantly more – as much as 927.1 millimetres (36.50 in) fell between April 1999 and March 2000, and 797.9 mm (31.41 in) fell in 1980 owing to several tropical cyclones. The most rain recorded in a month is 417.4 mm (16.43 in) in March 2007,[15] and the most in one day 304.8 millimetres (12.00 in) on 2 March 1941.[16]
| Climate data for Marble Bar, Western Australia | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 49.2 (120.6) |
48.3 (118.9) |
46.7 (116.1) |
45.0 (113.0) |
39.5 (103.1) |
35.8 (96.4) |
35.0 (95.0) |
38.0 (100.4) |
42.6 (108.7) |
46.0 (114.8) |
47.2 (117.0) |
49.3 (120.7) |
49.3 (120.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 41.0 (105.8) |
39.8 (103.6) |
39.0 (102.2) |
36.0 (96.8) |
30.7 (87.3) |
27.1 (80.8) |
26.8 (80.2) |
29.6 (85.3) |
33.9 (93.0) |
37.6 (99.7) |
40.5 (104.9) |
41.6 (106.9) |
35.3 (95.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 26.1 (79.0) |
25.7 (78.3) |
24.8 (76.6) |
21.4 (70.5) |
16.6 (61.9) |
13.2 (55.8) |
11.7 (53.1) |
13.3 (55.9) |
16.7 (62.1) |
20.3 (68.5) |
23.6 (74.5) |
25.5 (77.9) |
19.9 (67.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 17.9 (64.2) |
13.9 (57.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
10.0 (50.0) |
5.6 (42.1) |
1.1 (34.0) |
2.2 (36.0) |
3.9 (39.0) |
5.6 (42.1) |
10.0 (50.0) |
14.4 (57.9) |
17.0 (62.6) |
1.1 (34.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 76.3 (3.00) |
87.8 (3.46) |
56.7 (2.23) |
21.9 (0.86) |
23.0 (0.91) |
23.0 (0.91) |
12.6 (0.50) |
6.4 (0.25) |
0.9 (0.04) |
3.8 (0.15) |
9.1 (0.36) |
39.6 (1.56) |
361.1 (14.23) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 7.4 | 7.7 | 4.9 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 4.6 | 36 |
| Average afternoon relative humidity (%) | 26 | 31 | 26 | 23 | 27 | 28 | 24 | 21 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 20 | 23 |
| Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology[15][16] | |||||||||||||
Geological history
[edit]Fossilised stromatolites, found near Marble Bar, are one of the earliest forms of life on Earth, dating to 3.5 billion years ago during the Paleoarchean era, when at that time oxygen produced aerobic organisms.
A location nearby is known as North Pole (21° 05' S. 119° 22' E.). The location's rock formations contain stromatolites in particular rock sequences, which some scientists have considered evidence that puts the origin of life on earth back to 3,400–3,500 million years ago.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
This has been a subject of long scientific debate. The biologic explanation has been disputed with the argument that stromatolites older than 3,200 mya are not the result of living organisms (the definition of stromatolites includes both living and abiotic causes), the small conical structures in the Strelley Pool formation (Warrawoona Group) being formed by evaporation and a dome structure from the North Pole chert (also Warrawoona Group) being formed by soft-sediment deformation.[27][28]
Research by Abigail Allwood on the geology of North Pole appears to confirm the biologic origins of patterns in the formation. Continuing support for their geologic origin, following the 2006 publication of her team's results in Nature[29] led to further investigations and Allwood's development of the PIXL technology at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, for use in confirming her earlier conclusions. Use of PIXL, together with the insight gained into the organic processes that can build geologic formations, are key components of the Mars 2020 Mission.[30]
See also
[edit]- List of weather records
- Pilbara historical timeline
- Pilbara newspapers
- Royal Commission into British nuclear tests in Australia
- Warrawoona Group – in relation to North Pole findings
References
[edit]- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Marble Bar (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
- ^ "Hottest places by maximum mean temperature in Australia". Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
- ^ a b "Missing Pilbara town records reveal famous marriage". ABC News. 11 August 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ a b "Marble Bar". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 January 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2008.
- ^ "About Australia – Marble Bar, WA". 2008. Archived from the original on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2008.
- ^ "Little Hero Nugget 2022 1oz Gold Bullion Coin". www.perthmint.com. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ "Marble Bar". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 January 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ "Historic Marble Bar hotel to get heritage listing". ABC News. 2006. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2008.
- ^ Johnstone, James Dr. "Telegrams in Australia". Retrieved 25 May 2023.
- ^ "Port Hedland". The Murchison Times And Day Dawn Gazette. Vol. 17, no. 141. Western Australia. 18 July 1911. p. 3. Retrieved 26 November 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "Port Hedland-Marble Bar railway". Geraldton Express. Vol. XXXIII. Western Australia. 17 July 1911. p. 3. Retrieved 26 November 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "Hedland- Marble Bar railway to close". Northern Times. Vol. 75, no. 21. Western Australia. 24 May 1951. p. 6. Retrieved 26 November 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "Marble Bar heatwave, 1923–1924". Australian Climate Extremes. Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ Dewar, Robert E; Wallis, James R (1999). "Geographical patterning of interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach". Journal of Climate. 12 (12): 3457–3466. Bibcode:1999JCli...12.3457D. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<3457:GPOIRV>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 55652367.
- ^ a b "Climate statistics for Australian locations: Marble Bar". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
- ^ a b "Climate statistics for Australian locations: Marble Bar Comparison". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ Douglas, Kim. (1980) "Oldest forms of life on Earth found in WA rocks". North Pole Gold Mine (W.A.) Australian women's weekly, 5 November 1980, p.36-37
- ^ Dunlop, J.S.R.; Muir, M.D.; Milne, A.; Groves, D.I. (1978). "A New Microfossil Assemblage from the Archaean of Western Australia". Nature. 274 (5672): 676–678. Bibcode:1978Natur.274..676D. doi:10.1038/274676a0. S2CID 4197857.
- ^ Walter, M.R.; Buick, R.; Dunlop, J.R.S. (1980). "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia". Nature. 284 (5755): 443–445. Bibcode:1980Natur.284..443W. doi:10.1038/284443a0. S2CID 4256480.
- ^ Buick, R.; Dunlop, J.S.R.; Groves, D.I. (1981). "Stromatolite Recognition in Ancient Rocks and Appraisal of Irregularly Laminated Structures in an Early Archaean Chert-Barite Unit from North Pole, Western Australia". Alcheringa. 5 (3): 161–181. doi:10.1080/03115518108566999.
- ^ Schopf, J. William; Packer, Bonnie M (1986). "Newly discovered early Archean (3.4–3.5 Ga Old) microorganisms from the Warrawoona Group of Western Australia". Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere. 16 (3–4). SpringerLink: 339–340. Bibcode:1986OrLi...16..339S. doi:10.1007/BF02422059. S2CID 39363922.
- ^ Buick, R (1988). "Carbonaceous Filaments from North Pole, Western Australia: Are They Fossil Bacteria in Archaean Stromatolites? A reply". Precambrian Research. 39 (4): 311–317. Bibcode:1988PreR...39..311B. doi:10.1016/0301-9268(88)90024-1.
- ^ Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV (2004): "Characterization Of The Organic Matter In An Archean Chert (Warrawoona, Australia)."
- ^ Derenne, Sylvie; Robert, François; Skrzypczak-Bonduelle, Audrey; Gourier, Didier; Binet, Laurent; Rouzaud, Jean-Noël (2008). "Molecular evidence for life in the 3.5 billion year old Warrawoona chert". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 272 (1–2): 476–480. Bibcode:2008E&PSL.272..476D. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.05.014.
- ^ http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU04/03612/EGU04-J-03612.pdf Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 6, 03612, 2004: SRef-ID: 1607-7962/gra/EGU04-A-03612: European Geosciences Union 2004: "Characterization Of The Organic Matter In An Archean Chert (Warrawoona, Australia)"
- ^ "Reef – Pilbara". Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ Lowe, D R (1994). "Abiological origin of described stromatolites older than 3.2 Ga". Geology. 22 (5): 387–390. Bibcode:1994Geo....22..387L. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0387:aoodso>2.3.co;2. PMID 11540142.
- ^ Hofmann HJ (2004). "Archean microfossils and abiomorphs". Astrobiology. 4 (2): 135–6. Bibcode:2004AsBio...4..135H. doi:10.1089/153110704323175115. PMID 15253835.
- ^ Allwood, Abigail C.; Walter, Malcolm R.; Kamber, Balz S.; Marshall, Craig P.; Burch, Ian W. (June 2006). "Stromatolite reef from the Early Archaean era of Australia". Nature. 441 (7094): 714–718. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..714A. doi:10.1038/nature04764. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 16760969. S2CID 4417746.
- ^ Weule, Genelle (17 February 2021) [16 February 2021]. "NASA's latest Mars mission with Perseverance has two very interested Australians: Abigail Allwood and David Flannery". www.abc.net.au.
Further reading
[edit]- Edwards, Hugh. Gold dust and iron mountains: Marble Bar & beyond: the story of the Eastern Pilbara. Swanbourne, W. A.: H. Edwards, 1993. ISBN 0-646-14570-3 "Produced by the East Pilbara Shire for the centenary of Marble Bar, 1893–1993".
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