Psi (Greek)

Psi /ˈ(p)saɪ, ˈ(p)siː/ (P)SY, (P)SEE^[1] (uppercase Ψ, lowercase ψ or 𝛙; Greek: ψι psi [ˈpsi]) is the twenty-third and penultimate letter of the Greek alphabet and is associated with a numeric value of 700. In both Classical and Modern Greek, the letter indicates the combination /ps/ (as in English word "lapse").

For Greek loanwords in Latin and modern languages with Latin alphabets, psi is usually transliterated as "ps".

The letter's origin is uncertain. It may or may not derive from the Phoenician alphabet. It appears in the 7th century BC, expressing /ps/ in the Eastern alphabets, but /kʰ/ in the Western alphabets (the sound expressed by Χ in the Eastern alphabets). In writing, the early letter appears in an angular shape (). There were early graphical variants that omitted the stem ("chickenfoot-shaped psi" as: or ).^{[citation needed]}

The Western letter (expressing /kʰ/, later /x/) was adopted into the Old Italic alphabets, and its shape is also continued into the Algiz rune <ᛉ> of the Elder Futhark.

Psi, or its Arcadian variant or was adopted in the Latin alphabet in the form of "Antisigma" (Ↄ, ↃC, or 𐌟) during the reign of Emperor Claudius as one of the three Claudian letters.^[2] However, it was abandoned after his death.^{[citation needed]}

The classical Greek letter was adopted into the early Cyrillic alphabet as "Ѱ".

Use as a symbol

The letter psi is commonly used in physics to represent wave functions in quantum mechanics, such as in the Schrödinger equation and bra–ket notation: $\langle \phi |\psi \rangle$ . It is also used to represent the (generalized) positional states of a qubit in a quantum computer.

Psi is also used as the symbol for the polygamma function, defined by

\psi ^{(m)}(z)={\frac {d^{m}}{dz^{m}}}{\frac {\Gamma '(z)}{\Gamma (z)}}

where $\Gamma (z)$ is the gamma function.

The letters Ψ or ψ can also be a symbol for:

Psychology, psychiatry, and sometimes parapsychology (involving paranormal or relating with the supernatural subjects, especially research into extrasensory perception).
In mathematics, the reciprocal Fibonacci constant, the division polynomials, and the supergolden ratio.
Water potential in movement of water between plant cells.
In biochemistry, it denotes pseudouridine, an uncommon nucleoside.^[3]
Stream function in fluid mechanics defining the curve to which the flow velocity is always tangent.
One of the dihedral angles in the backbones of proteins.
The planet Neptune.
Indiana University (as a superimposed I and U).^[4]
A sai, the name of which is pronounced the same way in English.
Pharmacology, general pharmacy.
In virology the ψ site is a viral packaging signal.
The J/ψ meson, in particle physics.
In the computability theory, $\psi _{P}(x)\,\!$ represents the return value $Y\,\!$ of a program $P\,\!$ .
In circadian physiology, ψ represents the phase relationship between a zeitgeber and a biological rhythm.
In building, to represent an adjustment to a U-value, accounting for thermal bridge effects.
The ordinal collapsing function and notation developed by Wilfried Buchholz.^[5]
In Biblical studies, as an abbreviation for the book of Psalms.^[6]

Character encodings

Greek / Coptic Psi

Character information
Preview	Ψ		ψ		ᴪ		Ⲯ		ⲯ
Unicode name	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI		GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI		GREEK LETTER SMALL CAPITAL PSI		COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER PSI		COPTIC SMALL LETTER PSI
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	936	U+03A8	968	U+03C8	7466	U+1D2A	11438	U+2CAE	11439	U+2CAF
UTF-8	206 168	CE A8	207 136	CF 88	225 180 170	E1 B4 AA	226 178 174	E2 B2 AE	226 178 175	E2 B2 AF
Numeric character reference	Ψ	Ψ	ψ	ψ	ᴪ	ᴪ	Ⲯ	Ⲯ	ⲯ	ⲯ
Named character reference	Ψ		ψ
DOS Greek	150	96	175	AF
DOS Greek-2	212	D4	246	F6
Windows 1253	216	D8	248	F8
TeX	\Psi		\psi

^[7]

Cyrillic Psi

Character information
Preview	Ѱ		ѱ
Unicode name	CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER PSI		CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PSI
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	1136	U+0470	1137	U+0471
UTF-8	209 176	D1 B0	209 177	D1 B1
Numeric character reference	Ѱ	Ѱ	ѱ	ѱ

Mathematical Psi

Character information
Preview	𝚿		𝛙		𝛹		𝜓		𝜳		𝝍
Unicode name	MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL PSI		MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL PSI		MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL PSI		MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL PSI		MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL PSI		MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL PSI
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	120511	U+1D6BF	120537	U+1D6D9	120569	U+1D6F9	120595	U+1D713	120627	U+1D733	120653	U+1D74D
UTF-8	240 157 154 191	F0 9D 9A BF	240 157 155 153	F0 9D 9B 99	240 157 155 185	F0 9D 9B B9	240 157 156 147	F0 9D 9C 93	240 157 156 179	F0 9D 9C B3	240 157 157 141	F0 9D 9D 8D
UTF-16	55349 57023	D835 DEBF	55349 57049	D835 DED9	55349 57081	D835 DEF9	55349 57107	D835 DF13	55349 57139	D835 DF33	55349 57165	D835 DF4D
Numeric character reference	𝚿	𝚿	𝛙	𝛙	𝛹	𝛹	𝜓	𝜓	𝜳	𝜳	𝝍	𝝍

Character information
Preview	𝝭		𝞇		𝞧		𝟁
Unicode name	MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL PSI		MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL PSI		MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL PSI		MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL PSI
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	120685	U+1D76D	120711	U+1D787	120743	U+1D7A7	120769	U+1D7C1
UTF-8	240 157 157 173	F0 9D 9D AD	240 157 158 135	F0 9D 9E 87	240 157 158 167	F0 9D 9E A7	240 157 159 129	F0 9D 9F 81
UTF-16	55349 57197	D835 DF6D	55349 57223	D835 DF87	55349 57255	D835 DFA7	55349 57281	D835 DFC1
Numeric character reference	𝝭	𝝭	𝞇	𝞇	𝞧	𝞧	𝟁	𝟁

These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.

Notes and references

^ "psi". The Chambers Dictionary (9th ed.). Chambers. 2003. ISBN 0-550-10105-5.
^ Oliver, Revilo P. (1949). "The Claudian Letter Ⱶ". American Journal of Archaeology. 53 (3): 249–257. doi:10.2307/500662. JSTOR 500662. S2CID 193082268.
^ IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (1970). "Abbreviations and symbols for nucleic acids, polynucleotides, and their constituents". Biochemistry. 9 (20): 4022–4027. doi:10.1021/bi00822a023.
^ Although the university itself refers to its logo as a trident, not the Greek letter psi: "The IU trident—the only logo at Indiana University". Indiana University. Retrieved 2020-07-31. At IU, the trident is the only logo we use, both institution-wide and at the unit level.
^ Buchholz, W. (1986). "A new System of proof-theoretic ordinal functions" (PDF). Ann. Pure Appl. Logic. 32 (3): 195–207. doi:10.1016/0168-0072(86)90052-7.
^ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
^ Unicode Code Charts: Greek and Coptic (Range: 0370-03FF)

[1] "psi". The Chambers Dictionary (9th ed.). Chambers. 2003. ISBN 0-550-10105-5.

[oliver-2] Oliver, Revilo P. (1949). "The Claudian Letter Ⱶ". American Journal of Archaeology. 53 (3): 249–257. doi:10.2307/500662. JSTOR 500662. S2CID 193082268.

[3] IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (1970). "Abbreviations and symbols for nucleic acids, polynucleotides, and their constituents". Biochemistry. 9 (20): 4022–4027. doi:10.1021/bi00822a023.

[4] Although the university itself refers to its logo as a trident, not the Greek letter psi: "The IU trident—the only logo at Indiana University". Indiana University. Retrieved 2020-07-31. At IU, the trident is the only logo we use, both institution-wide and at the unit level.

[5] Buchholz, W. (1986). "A new System of proof-theoretic ordinal functions" (PDF). Ann. Pure Appl. Logic. 32 (3): 195–207. doi:10.1016/0168-0072(86)90052-7.

[6] Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar

[7] Unicode Code Charts: Greek and Coptic (Range: 0370-03FF)

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Use as a symbol

Character encodings

See also

Notes and references